李牧蔚教授解析,STEMI溶栓治疗适应证与禁忌证研究新进展
李牧蔚教授关于“STEMI溶栓治疗的适应证与禁忌证研究进展”的主题,是一个在急性心肌梗死(STEMI)救治领域非常重要且不断更新的话题。以下是根据该主题可能涵盖的核心内容要点:
"李牧蔚教授:STEMI溶栓治疗的适应证与禁忌证研究进展"
"引言"
"STEMI定义与危害:" 简述ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的定义、病理生理机制及其对患者生命的严重威胁。
"再灌注治疗的重要性:" 强调早期、有效的血运重建(包括经皮冠状动脉介入治疗PCI和溶栓治疗)是改善STEMI患者预后的关键。
"溶栓治疗的地位:" 说明在PCI资源不足或无法及时获得PCI治疗的情况下,溶栓治疗作为一种重要的再灌注策略,具有快速起效、操作相对简单等优点。
"研究背景:" 指出随着循证医学的发展和技术的进步,STEMI溶栓治疗的适应证和禁忌证标准也在不断演变和细化,需要持续关注研究进展。
"一、 STEMİ溶栓治疗的适应证研究进展"
"传统适应证回顾:" 简要回顾《急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南》(如欧洲ESC指南、美国AHA/ACC指南)中关于STEMI溶栓治疗的传统适应证(如发病时间窗、ST段
相关内容:
本文作者:李牧蔚,高万昊(河南省人民医院 心脏中心 华中阜外医院 郑州大学华中阜外医院,郑州 450003)
引用本文:李牧蔚,高万昊.ST段抬高型心肌梗死溶栓治疗的适应证与禁忌证研究进展.中国医学前沿杂志(电子版),2020,12(6):22-27.
【摘要】ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)是冠心病的严重类型,致死率和致残率均较高。若早期给予再灌注治疗,使心肌得到有效灌注,可获得良好预后。在我国医疗资源和地理位置分布不均衡的情况下,STEMI溶栓治疗较介入治疗具有方便易得、治疗延迟短的优势。本文就STEMI溶栓治疗的发展历程、适应证和禁忌证的研究进展进行综述,探讨STEMI溶栓治疗的优劣,以期为临床选择治疗策略提供参考。
【关键词】ST段抬高型心肌梗死;溶栓治疗;进展
1912年,Herrick提出了急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)病因是冠状动脉血栓形成的观点,此后,溶解冠状动脉内血栓成为了治疗AMI的重点。1933年,Tillet和Garner从多种溶血性链球菌中分离出一种纤溶物质,后来将其命名为链激酶。1959年,Fletcher等首次应用链激酶对AMI患者进行溶栓治疗。
1 20世纪70年代——在争议中探索溶栓治疗方案
AMI的溶栓治疗陆续在临床开展。1972年,Sherry总结了既往4项AMI溶栓试验、1700例患者的研究结果:链激酶溶栓治疗可降低AMI病死率达30%~40%。但因当时对溶栓治疗的研究尚处于探索阶段,且临床试验入选患者的标准不同,溶栓药物剂量和溶栓时间仍存在较大差异,并且也缺乏明确判定血管再通的指标和挽救心肌的标准,其结论并未获得统一认可。同期,几项尸检报告均指出致命性AMI中冠状动脉血栓形成的发生率并不高,由此,AMI的冠状动脉血栓学说受到严重质疑。临床上对溶栓治疗的热情也普遍下降。20世纪70年代末,经冠状动脉造影和冠状动脉旁路手术等证实,导致AMI的主要病因是冠状动脉血栓,且及时实现对罪犯冠状动脉的再灌注可缩小梗死面积,改善患者预后。
2 20世纪80年代——溶栓治疗的蓬勃发展
Mathey等于1981年报道了41例发病3 h内的透壁性AMI患者,冠状动脉造影证实其中39例患者冠状动脉完全堵塞,给予冠状动脉内链激酶溶栓后,再造影发现30例患者冠状动脉在1 h内再通,胸痛明显缓解,左室射血分数明显改善,无一例死亡。之后陆续有关于早期冠状动脉溶栓治疗AMI的报道,其能挽救濒危的缺血心肌、缩小梗死面积、改善心功能。冠状动脉溶栓治疗的效果逐渐得到公认,但其对技术和设备等的要求较高,不易推广。因此,静脉溶栓治疗再次受到关注。
1985年,Yusuf等收集了既往25年24项静脉溶栓临床试验的数据,虽然这些试验结论并不一致,但大都肯定了静脉溶栓对AMI的治疗意义,其可以改善AMI患者预后,降低约20%的病死率。随着溶栓治疗的推广和新型溶栓药物的上市,临床开展了多项研究,其中规模较大的有3项链激酶研究、1项乙酰化纤溶酶原链激酶激活物研究和1项阿替普酶研究。值得欣喜的是,上述试验结果均证实了溶栓治疗的效果。所以,20世纪80年代提出STEMI溶栓适应证为:所有无绝对禁忌的STEMI患者均建议采取溶栓治疗。
静脉溶栓治疗是全身性纤溶,不可避免地会导致多种并发症,但其核心是出血问题,如胃肠道出血、中度泌尿生殖系统出血、颅内出血。其中最严重的是颅内出血,其致死率和致残率往往较高。多项研究结果显示静脉溶栓治疗导致的颅内出血发病率约为1%。研究显示,静脉溶栓治疗的其他并发症,如心律失常、下肢血栓、心力衰竭、休克等,在溶栓组与对照组中的发生率差异均无统计学意义。1988年,Califf等建立了多个线性回归模型用于研究溶栓出血与临床变量之间的关系,提出近期手术、体重过轻、年龄较大、性别和高血压病史均与出血并发症有关。ISIS-2报道了AMI患者静脉链激酶溶栓的预后改善情况,其中60岁以下患者获益最大,随着年龄的增加,患者的获益逐渐减少,70岁以上患者获益最小。GISSI试验也得出类似结论。考虑高龄人群获益减少,并发症发生率较高,且多与出血有关,因此,1990年,美国心脏病学会(American College of Cardiology,ACC)/美国心脏协会(American Heart Association,AHA)发布的《AMI患者早期治疗指南》建议,老年患者行溶栓治疗时应谨慎,并应仔细评估潜在的出血风险。
溶栓禁忌证主要是与大出血和颅内出血有关的疾病。
绝对禁忌证:疑似动脉夹层、活动性出血、急性心包炎。
相对禁忌证:颅内出血病史、6个月内胃肠/泌尿系统出血或卒中、2~4周内大手术或创伤(尤其是头颅伤)、创伤性心肺复苏、颅内肿瘤、糖尿病视网膜病变、高血压(≥200/120 mmHg)、妊娠、肿瘤、出血性疾病、肝功能异常。
3 20世纪90年代——经皮冠状动脉介入治疗尚未普及,院前溶栓被着重推荐
20世纪80年代后期,溶栓治疗大规模开展并激起研究者们对优化溶栓方案的渴望。1988年的一项大型临床试验证实了抗血小板治疗和溶栓治疗的心血管获益是累加的。1993年的一项研究也提出:相较于链激酶+肝素方案或阿替普酶+链激酶+肝素方案,阿替普酶+肝素溶栓方案为患者带来了更大的生存获益。这得益于溶栓方案的优化、入组标准的严谨和用药剂量的规范。1994年,溶栓治疗试验合作组(Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' Collaborative Group,FTT合作组)指出,溶栓治疗为STEMI或束支传导阻滞患者带来了确切的获益,且不论其年龄、性别。这些研究逐渐平息了既往对接受溶栓治疗患者获益与否的争论,研究的重心也逐渐转向溶栓治疗的时间窗问题。
1996年,Boersma等回顾性分析了1983—1993年22项大型临床试验,根据溶栓开始时间,以0~1 h、1~2 h、2~3 h和3~6 h时间段分为四组,结果发现溶栓治疗患者的生存率随着治疗开始时间的延迟而下降。因此,之后的指南大多将溶栓治疗的最佳时间窗定为120 min。溶栓治疗越早,患者获益越多,且至发病后12 h予以治疗,患者预后仍有改善。
为了尽可能缩短心肌总缺血时间,有学者提出了院前溶栓方案。几项随机试验均证实院前溶栓为患者带来了更好的预后。研究者发现院前溶栓较院内溶栓更及时,平均减少55 min的延迟时间,增加了临床获益。因此,1996年ACC/AHA发布的《AMI患者治疗指南》着重推荐了院前溶栓。
随着心脏介入治疗的发展,经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty,PTCA)和溶栓治疗孰优孰劣的问题逐渐受到关注。1995年,Circulation发表的一项荟萃分析比较了7项临床试验中PTCA和溶栓治疗的临床数据,结果显示:治疗后6周,PTCA组患者不良事件(死亡和非致死性再梗死)发生率显著低于溶栓组(6.1%∶11.0%)。另一项针对2606例AMI患者的荟萃分析也得到了类似结果,且PTCA组更少诱发脑卒中。由于当时心脏介入中心尚未普及,且缺乏专业人员,指南对AMI介入治疗仍持谨慎态度。综合1996年和1999年ACC/AHA指南对STEMI的治疗建议,院前溶栓仍是治疗AMI的首选方法。在没有进一步证据说明PTCA优于院前溶栓之前,并不建议常规开展转运经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI);仅在患者就诊于有介入治疗资质的医院、可于90 min内行PCI时可行转运PCI。转运PCI并未正式推广,仅作为溶栓治疗禁忌患者的备选方案。
1994年,FTT合作组提出 :溶栓治疗出现颅内出血的概率为1%,通过评估其总体风险-获益比发现,溶栓治疗带来的临床获益远高于风险,虽然高龄(年龄>75岁)患者出血风险略高于正常人群,但仍可见溶栓治疗带来良好预后的获益,因此高龄并非溶栓治疗的禁忌证。Mahaffey等回顾了GUSTO-Ⅰ研究中眼部出血的发生率,结果显示:在6011例糖尿病患者中仅1例发生眼部出血。糖尿病和非糖尿病患者眼部出血的发生率均极低,差异无统计学意义。这些研究结果使1996年欧洲心脏病学会(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)制定的AMI院前和院内治疗指南将糖尿病视网膜病变从溶栓禁忌证中删除,可接受溶栓治疗的人群进一步扩大。
4 初入21世纪——经皮冠状动脉介入治疗推荐级别提高,但溶栓治疗的作用仍不可替代
随着PCI技术的普及和心脏介入中心的开设,越来越多的证据证实,相较于溶栓治疗,PCI为AMI患者带来的益处更大。临床试验表明,如果治疗延迟的时间相近,直接PCI在降低死亡率、再梗死或卒中并发症方面均优于溶栓治疗。因此,PCI技术逐渐成为治疗STEMI的首选。但现实中,由于受当地医疗条件的限制,PCI往往晚于溶栓治疗1 h左右。所以,根据相关研究,建议将延迟时间定为120 min,若超过120 min,应即刻开始院前溶栓。
缩短治疗延迟时间的价值不仅取决于节省的时间,还取决于延迟发生的时间,早期节省时间远远较后期更重要,在发病后1~2 h内节省的时间较在STEMI后期(发病>6 h)更重要。溶栓治疗的获益往往在早期,发病3 h后就诊的STEMI患者优先考虑转运PCI。
总之,2017年ESC发布的STEMI治疗指南仍建议:发病12 h内均应行再灌注治疗,在选择再灌注策略时,PCI的推荐级别优先于溶栓治疗。
在无溶栓禁忌证的情况下,STEMI溶栓治疗的适应证可概括为:①急性胸痛发作<12 h,预期PCI延迟>120 min,可选择溶栓治疗(发病超过3 h后,优先考虑转运PCI);②发病12~24 h仍有进行性缺血性胸痛和心电图至少相邻2个或2个以上导联ST段抬高>0.1 mV,或血流动力学不稳定患者,若无直接PCI条件,应考虑溶栓治疗。
Armstrong团队发现接受原定的溶栓治疗方案的高龄(≥75岁)患者颅内出血发生率达1.0%,将原定常规溶栓方案中替奈普酶用量减半后,高龄患者颅内出血发生率降至0.5%,且仍有较好的治疗效果。因此提出对高龄(≥75岁)患者采取半量溶栓方案,该建议得到广泛认可。
5 药物介入治疗策略——减少无复流现象、保护微循环、挽救心肌
在心脏介入治疗初期,溶栓治疗和介入治疗被认为是两种截然不同的治疗方案,但随着临床实践的不断探索,认为二者应为互补而非对立,故产生了易化PCI(facilitated PCI),即在AMI发生后立即给予药物再灌注,并尽快转运至介入中心行PCI,之后演变为药物介入治疗策略。既往研究发现:溶栓治疗后尽快接受PCI并未达到预期效果,反而增加了术中出血风险。溶栓治疗后3 h左右接受PCI的患者反而获得了较好的结果。这可能是由于溶栓药物与大量肝素和GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂联用易致出血,以及溶栓后纤维蛋白被降解,激活凝血酶,继发血小板激活。因此,2014年美国心血管造影和介入学会(Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions,SCAI)/ACC/AHA发布的专家共识建议在溶栓治疗后3~24 h(最佳时间)再接受PCI。PCI术中经冠状动脉给予小剂量溶栓药物是药物介入治疗策略的另一种探索,但能否为患者带来获益仍存在较大争议。
据报道,急诊PCI慢血流/无复流现象的发生率为10%~35%,管径较大的冠状动脉慢血流/无复流现象的发生率更高。慢血流/无复流现象可使心肌细胞进一步损伤和坏死,增加了心力衰竭和死亡的发生率。EARLY-MYO-I研究比较了溶栓后(3~24 h)PCI与直接PCI的治疗效果,该研究对症状发作6 h内、PCI延迟超过1 h的STEMI患者先给予半量阿替普酶溶栓,溶栓成功后3~24 h再行早期介入治疗,结果显示,溶栓后(3~24 h)PCI获得了与直接PCI相似的效果,且患者心外膜和心肌再灌注等指标改善情况均优于直接PCI。通过减少出血的半量新型溶栓药物和最佳的介入治疗时间,获得了最理想的效果。
采用新型特异性溶栓药物在2 h内开展静脉溶栓治疗,可使阻塞冠状动脉的开通率达到80%,且患者死亡率和出血率均较低。溶栓成功后使STEMI患者可接受早期PCI的时间窗延长了12 h,兼具溶栓早期再灌注和PCI稳定再灌注的优势。对于支配面积较大的冠状动脉闭塞血管,早期(发病<2 h)STEMI患者先行半量溶栓,3~24 h再行常规PCI,既可减少出血并发症又能获得更好的心肌再灌注,避免无复流现象,保护微循环,挽救更多的心肌细胞。笔者团队目前也在开展急诊PCI保护微循环、减少慢血流/无复流现象的相关研究,希望为STEMI患者寻求更优化的治疗方法,使其临床获益最大化。
6 未来展望
如何使STEMI患者的心肌更快地得到灌注,早期开通血管非常关键。溶栓治疗的血管开通率与开始治疗的时间密切相关,越早使用溶栓药物,患者的获益越大。目前,河南省内各市/县级医院均建立了胸痛中心,规范的诊疗流程和绿色通道为AMI患者的救治赢得了时间。AMI患者无法得到及时治疗的主要原因在于就诊时间延迟,因此加强社会宣教、开展健康教育是当前的重要任务。同时,也希望未来能有既高效溶栓也不增加介入治疗术中出血风险的靶向溶栓药物问世,使“快而不彻底的溶栓治疗与慢而彻底的介入治疗”有效结合,同时使STEMI患者溶栓适应证更多、禁忌证更少,缺血心肌更早地获得有效灌注,术中慢血流/无复流现象的发生率更低,更好地保护微循环、减少心肌损伤,使患者获得最佳的治疗效果。
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